Archive for the History Category

Spanish Practices

Posted in Barcelona, Education, History, Maynooth with tags , , , , , on October 20, 2023 by telescoper

When I was a lad, during the 1970s, the term Spanish Practices was used pejoratively in a union-bashing sense to describe restrictive practices in the workplace. Until recently I thought it was a modern invention that relied on a stereotypical view of Spanish people as being lazy. In fact it seems the term dates back to Tudor times and is religious in origin, referring to Roman Catholic rites, in contrast to the simpler Protestant forms of worship. Anyway, none of that is what this post is about. I just used the title as clickbait.

I’ve been here in Barcelona, and working in the University of Barcelona, for four weeks now and I thought I’d share a few observations about differences in practice here and in the Ireland (and the UK).

The other night I went out for dinner with colleagues from the Department. The restaurant was much closer to the University than to my flat so instead of going home first I stayed in my office and walked straight there. My route out of the building takes me past a number of teaching rooms. During this warm weather, most of the rooms have the doors open so it’s easy to have a quick look at what’s going on inside. On my way out at about 7.30pm I was surprised to see a number of classes still going on, and they weren’t sparsely attended either.

In Maynooth the latest regular lectures finish at 6pm. Even during the 5pm to 6pm lectures, many students have to leave before the end to catch the one and only bus back to their place of residence. Here the public transport system is so good that isn’t really an issue even for those who don’t live near the campus. As far as I know lectures start at 9am, so students potentially have a very long day. They work hard.

I have to say that I wouldn’t like to have teach late in the evening. I used to do that on Fridays at Queen Mary for the MSc course and didn’t enjoy it. I don’t mind doing 9am lectures, though, but I don’t think students agree – partly because of the difficulty of getting to campus at that time.

In the Faculty of Physics, all the lecture halls, classrooms and laboratories are in one building rather than spread around the campus like they are in Maynooth (and many places in the UK). Fortunately, the building has been designed with students in mind and there is plenty of space for students to use socially or for private study between teaching sessions.

In this picture you can see the inner courtyard of the building occupied by the Faculties of Chemistry and Physics. It’s a big open space, with teaching rooms, etc, on either side. In the far right-hand corner there is a café/bar where one can buy lunch, a coffee, or even a beer, to be consumed either inside or in the seating area in the courtyard. Many students seem to prefer bring their own lunch and eat it in this space., although the food available is pretty good and cheap compared to back home.

As well as being able to eat and drink here, there is plenty of room for students simply to hang out or to study, either alone or in groups. If they don’t feel like that they can use the tram, bus or Metro to go home, and come back later if they have a long gap between classes. None of this is possible at Maynooth.

This particular kind of open space would not work so well in Ireland or the UK because of the weather, though you can probably see in the picture that there had been a bit of rain before I took the photograph, but I hope I’ve made the point that having social spaces makes a huge amount of difference to the student experience, not least because it feels that the University has thought about them. In the neoliberal system that dominates in the UK and Ireland, students are simply a commodity, a source of revenue, to be crammed into every available space and processed as cheaply as possible. In Maynooth students have been, and are being, forced to pay an extra levy for a notional student centre that will probably never be built.

The contrast is very disheartening.

Getting back to educational matters, another thing I’ve noticed walking past classrooms is that it’s not unusual to see a student standing at the blackboard in front of the class going through a problem. I’ve seen that a number of times with quite large classes. Sometimes we ask students to do that sort of thing in tutorials, but I’ve never done so in a full lecture. I think our students would be shocked if we asked, but it’s clearly not unexpected here. That’s a Spanish Practice I’d be quite happy to try.

Grubb in Spain

Posted in Barcelona, History, The Universe and Stuff with tags on October 10, 2023 by telescoper

Just after I arrived in Barcelona, I posted a piece about the telescope in the foyer of the Physics Department:

I’m indebted to Vicent Martínez for the following information and the picture:

Howard Grubb et al.

Ignacio Tarzaona bought the telescope in 1906 for the University of Barcelona from the Grubb factory in Dublin. Sir Howard Grubb (son of Thomas Grubb, founder of the Grubb Telescope Company) and Ignacio Tarazona actually knew each other well. In this photograph taken in Berrocalillo (Spain) on May 28, 1900, we can see both of them. The man farthest to the right of all, standing and wearing a “Catalan barretina” is Ignacio Tarazona and Sir Howard Grubb is sitting in the front row, fifth from left with his Panama hat on his knee.

The Dream of the Celt

Posted in History, LGBTQ+, Literature with tags , , , on October 8, 2023 by telescoper

Knowing that I would be spending even less time watching TV while in Barcelona than I would back in Maynooth, I packed a number of books from the substantial pile that I haven’t yet got around to. The first I’ve finished is The Dream of the Celt by Peruvian author Mario Vargos Llosa which tells the fascinating but ultimately tragic story of Roger Casement using a mixture of thoroughly researched journalistic reportage and fictionalized extrapolations that try to bring this enigmatic character to life.

Roger Casement was born in Sandycove, Dublin, but spent some of his childhood in England. He served with great distinction as a diplomat, and a fierce advocated of human rights, first in the Congo, where he compiled a devastating report of the brutal exploitation of indigenous people, and then in Peru where he exposed even worse cruelty being exacted on native men women and children who were used as forced labour in the rubber plantations. He was knighted in 1911 for his humanitarian efforts.

When he first started out in the diplomatic service, Casement apparently believed that colonization would be a civilizing influence, bringing free trade, the rule of law, and Christianity instead of repression and violence. His bitter experience changed his view entirely, and he became increasingly associated with the cause of England’s first colony, and became a fervent advocate of Irish nationalism. He found himself travelling to Germany during the First World War to procure arms for an Irish rebellion and to raise an Irish Regiment from Irish prisoners of war captured fighting for the British. In the latter he was not successful – he persuaded only about 50 POWs to join the cause. He did succeed in obtaining weapons but the ship smuggling them to Ireland was intercepted and scuttled to avoid the weapons falling into British hands.

Incidentally, Casement was against the Easter Rising of 1916. He thought it would be futile unless it could be combined with a German attack on England. Ireland was not sufficiently important geopolitically for the Kaiser to mount such an operation. The other leaders of the Rising wanted Casement to stay in Germany as it proceeded but he travelled to Ireland in a submarine, was captured, tried for high treason, found guilty, and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3rd August 1916. He was 51. His executioner later remarked that he was ‘‘the bravest man it fell to my unhappy lot to execute.’

W.B. Yeats wrote a poem about Roger Casement, the last verse of which is:

Come speak your bit in public
That some amends be made
To this most gallant gentleman
That is in quicklime laid.

Leading up to Casement’s execution there was a concerted campaign for clemency, i.e. the commutation of his death sentence, as had happened with some involved directly in the rebellion. But then came the Black Diaries. Parts of these, describing in Casement’s own words his many sexual adventures with men and boys, were leaked to the press by British intelligence services. At a time when homosexuality was still a crime, that effectively ended any hope of avoiding the gallows. The Black Diaries are of questionable authenticity, and many who believe they were genuine think Casement was merely writing about fantasies rather than reality. Maybe writing about things he couldn’t do was a way for him to relieve sexual tension? We’ll never know for sure.

After his execution Casement’s body was subject to a rectal examination to ascertain whether he had had anal sex as described in the books. He was buried in an unmarked grave and it wasn’t until 1965 that his remains were returned to Ireland to be interred at Glasnevin cemetery.

The author tells this story by interspersing Casement’s last weeks and months in Pentonville with flashbacks to his time in the Congo, the Peru, Germany and Ireland. The protagonist did write extensive notes on his travels but they are somewhat disorganized, so he had to make reasonable guesses to fill in the gaps. The conversations with other characters are imagined to make it seem more like a novel than a straight historical biography. This approach makes for a fascinating read, although I did find it somewhat repetitive in places.

Sir Roger Casement, as reconstructed in this book, is a fascinating character, but how close the account is to how he really was as a person is something we’ll never know. In a strange way, that mystery is part of the appeal.

An Irish Astronomical Connection…

Posted in Barcelona, History, The Universe and Stuff on September 27, 2023 by telescoper

After posting yesterday about the sizeable differences between Maynooth and Barcelona in terms of Physics, I stumbled across an Irish connection in the foyer of the Physics Department.

I’ve posted before about the famous optical instrument manufacturer, the Grubb Telescope Company, founded in Dublin by Thomas Grubb and later renamed Grubb Parsons after its relocation to Newcastle upon Tyne. I’ve posted about other connections too. The presence of this telescope in Barcelona is further evidence – as if it were needed – that, in its time, the Grubb Telescope Company really was the world leader in optical instrumentation.

Celestial Echoes: The Night Sky in Irish Folklore

Posted in History, Irish Language, The Universe and Stuff with tags , , , , on August 29, 2023 by telescoper
The Milky Way over a shipwreck in Co Wexford, photographed by Adrian Hendroff, winner of this year’s Reach for the Skies photography competition.

I mentioned last week that I attended a public lecture by journalist Seán Mac an tSíthigh called Celestial Echoes: the Night Sky in Irish folklore. The talk was largely about some of the names given to celestial objects and the stories attached to those names. Much of the material was drawn from an extensive National Folklore Collection held at University College, Dublin. Unfortunately, however, the index to this collection is not very good at names for stars and constellations. In some cases it isn’t obvious what those names that are recorded actually refer to and in some cases the words themselves are obscure. The lecturer stressed that many of these words would have been known by the parents or grandparents of people in the audience, but have since been lost. There’s an article here that makes a similar point in a wider context. One prominent source of folklore, for example, is the traditional style of mackerel fishing, done at night so that the phosphorescence produced by the fish could be seen, which basically no longer exists so the folk names of stars and constellations used by the fishermen for navigation have been forgotten. Some other names have obviously been influenced by the Greco-Roman constellation names, etc.

I didn’t take many notes during this very enjoyable talk, but I did jot down a few words and phrases that I thought I’d pass on here. Given that my knowledge of modern Irish is very limited and many of the words used are dialect or archaic words that you won’t find in dictionaries, I’ll restrict myself to just a few of the things that caught my ear. Many of these are very similar in Scots Gaelic. Apologies in advance for misspellings, mistranslations or other forms of incompetence!

Before we start let me just mention that the Irish word for “star” is réalta (plural réaltai), which can also mean “a light”. There is also a diminutive, réiltín. Astronomy is réalteolaíocht and astrophysics is réaltfhisic. I’ve always liked the way astrophysics looks like “real physics”!

  • The Milky Way is usually Bealach na Bó Finne (the Way of the White/Fair Cow). The legend that goes with this name is of a cow that produces an endless supply of milk. The Milky Way can also have the more literal name Claí Mór na Réaltaí (the Great Wall of Stars); in Irish mór means “big or great” and must be cognate with the Welsh mawr. Another folk name is An Láir Bhán (the White Mare).
  • Orion is An Bodach which can mean a man, specifically an old man, or a ghost.
  • Betelgeuse is An Spor Dearg (the Red Spur); Rigel is An Spor Liath (the Grey Spur).
  • The Orion Nebula is An Sparán (the purse, pouch); cf. Scots sporran.
  • In modern Irish, the Pleaides is An Tréidín (the Little Flock or Herd) but there are a variety of other terms including Buaile an Bhodaigh (the ghost’s milking place) and Na Cearrbhaigh (the Gamblers, because they look like people playing cards..).
  • The constellation of Leo is An Corrán (the Hook, Sickle).
  • Polaris is An Réalta Thuaidh (the North Star) but also Réalta Eolais (guiding star)
  • Sirius is An Réalta Mhadra (the Dog Star).
  • Ursa Minor is An Dragbhoth (the Fiery House).
  • Ursa Major is An Mathghamhain Mór (the Great Bear); a more modern alternative word for “bear” is mathúin. The Plough is An Camchéachta
  • The Aurora Borealis can be Soilse na Speire Thuaidh (lights of the Northern sky) or na Gealáin Thuaidh or na Saighneáin.
  • A Comet is réalta (an) eireabaill, (star with a tail) réalta mhongach (long-haired or maned star) or réalta (na) scuaibe (star with a brush). There is an (extremely exaggerated) account of a comet in the famous book (and mainstay of the Irish language leaving certificate) by Peig Sayers; given the timing it may have been Halley’s Comet near its 1910 perihelion.

That’s enough for now. I have a few more, but they’ll have to wait…

The 2023 Irish National Astronomy Meeting

Posted in Biographical, History, mathematics with tags , , , , on August 24, 2023 by telescoper

It’s been a busy day at the Irish National Astronomy Meeting, culminating with a fascinating public lecture by journalist Seán Mac an tSíthigh – bonus marks for getting the pronunciation right – and a very enjoyable shindig involving pizza and beer. There was a strong Maynooth contribution today, with excellent talks by students Noah, Saoirse, Joe & Hannah and postdocs Lewis & John. My contribution was limited to chairing a session, though I will be giving a talk tomorrow.

The only problem today was that I couldn’t get eduroam to work on the UCC campus so have only just managed to connect after getting back to my hotel, so am a bit late posting this. Anyway, here are some snaps I took on the way this morning, on the campus including a bust of George Boole.

ps. I’m sure to blog again about the public talk, but that will have to wait until I get home at the weekend.

Autumn Repeats

Posted in Education, History, Maynooth with tags , , , , , , on August 1, 2023 by telescoper

It’s August already, which means it is time once again for the repeat examination period to begin. Maynooth University has produced this nice good luck message for those resitting so I’ll pass it on here:

I was a bit surprised when I first arrived here that the August repeat examinations are called the Autumn Repeats. After all, they start on 1st August which is generally regarded as summer rather than Autumn. The term is, I think, a relic of the old Celtic calendar in which the start of Autumn coincides with the start of harvesting, the old festival of Lúnasa being when people celebrated the Celtic deity Lugh, who would bring a good harvest or who, if not satisfied, could bring his wrath in storms that would mess everything up. Lúnasa is the name for August in modern Irish; Lá Lúnasa is 1st August, a cross-quarter day lying (approximately) half-way between the summer solstice and the autumnal equinox. The festival is marked in the modern calendar by a Bank Holiday on the first Monday in August (Lá Saoire i mí Lúnasa) which is next Monday (7th August), so I have a long weekend to look forward to!

Anyway, the repeat examinations start today and go on for ten days or so, except there are none on the Bank Holiday when the University is closed. As it happens, my first paper is on Saturday, so I won’t be able to collect any scripts until Tuesday 8th, on which day I have two further examinations, so I’ll have three different sets to deal with.

Every year at this time I mention the difference between the system of repeats in Maynooth compared to other institutions with which I am familiar, especially in the UK. Students generally take resits when, because they have failed one or more examinations the previous May, they have not accumulated sufficient credits to proceed to the next year of their course. Passing the resit allows them to retrieve lost credit, but their mark is generally capped at a bare pass (usually 40%). That means the student gets the credit they need for their degree but their average (which determines whether they get 1st, 2nd or 3rd class Honours) is affected. This is the case unless a student has extenuating circumstances affecting the earlier examination, such as bad health or family emergency, in which case they take the resit as a `sit’, i.e. for the first time with an uncapped mark.

Here in Maynooth, however, the mark obtained in a repeat examination is usually not capped. Indeed, some students – though not many – elect to take the repeat examination even if they passed earlier in the summer, in order to increase their average mark.

Some people don’t like the idea of uncapped repeats because they feel that it would lead to many students playing games, i.e. deliberately not taking exams in May with the intention of spreading some of their examination  load into August. There’s not much sign of students actually doing that here, to be honest, for the reason that the results from the repeat examination period are not confirmed until early September so that students that deploy this strategy do not know whether they are going to be able to start their course until just a couple of weeks before term. That could cause lots of problems securing accommodation, etc, so it doesn’t seem to me to be a good ploy.

I’d welcome comments for or against whether resits/repeats should be capped/uncapped and on what practice is adopted in your institution.

Dunkirk

Posted in Biographical, Film, History with tags , , on July 17, 2023 by telescoper

On Saturday I watched the 2017 film Dunkirk for the first time. I don’t often watch films on TV but I saw this one in the listings and since it got some very positive reviews I thought I’d watch it. Here’s the trailer.

So what did I think?

First, the positives. There is some wonderful cinematography in this movie, and some realistic action sequences that manage to be disturbing without degenerating into a gorefest. It’s also quite interesting that we don’t really see the enemy at all at any point during the film. In summary, I found the first forty minutes or so very gripping, despite (or perhaps because of) the almost complete lack of dialogue.

After that, though, my interest began to wane. The main negative is that I found it hard to engage with any of the characters. In particular, the film did not convey the stress the troops must have been under. The editing was a bit of a mess too. It’s far too repetitive and I found some of the scenes rather contrived.

(I gather some people found the sound in the cinema version rather oppressively loud, but I watched it on telly at home so just turned down the volume…)

Overall, I found Dunkirk worth watching, but I’ve seen it described as one of the greatest war films of all time and it’s not that.

Three historical points.

First, I think there’s a key ingredient missing from this – and some other – tellings of the Dunkirk story, and that is the crucial role of the rearguard that valiantly defended the perimeter of the town and won enough time for evacuation to proceed. The different units of the rearguard (both French and British) depended entirely on the units either side of them to stand. Had the perimeter been broken anywhere, the defence would have failed. The men involved must have thought that they had no chance of making it back to Britain, but they held their ground and by doing so ensured that many thousands did get home. In fact, it was such a well-organized operation that much of the British rearguard was actually evacuated after a controlled retreat to the beach.

A second point is that most of the over 800 small boats that eventually proved crucial in Operation Dynamo were crewed by naval personnel, rather than their owners. The few exceptions were fishing boats, like the one shown in the film. Many of the smaller ships with a shallow draft were used to ferry men from the beach to destroyers rather than taking them all the way back to England.

Incidentally, the trip from Ramsgate – where the little boats were assembled – to Dunkirk is about 50 miles of open water. That’s quite a journey for a pleasure boat or paddle steamer.

Finally, the film reminded me that Winston Churchill’s famous speech in response to the “miracle” of Dunkirk, with its peroration “We shall fight them on the beaches, etc” was given to the House of Commons. It includes this:

We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations. But there was a victory inside this deliverance, which should be noted.

Hansard, 4th June 1940

Churchill made that speech on 4th June 1940. I was born on the same day in the same month, a mere 23 years later.

Machiavelli on Mercenaries

Posted in History, Literature, Politics with tags , , on June 24, 2023 by telescoper

I thought I’d post this, from Il Principe (The Prince) by Niccolò Machiavelli for reasons of topicality. It’s from Chapter XII, entitled How Many Kinds of Soldiery There are, and Concerning Mercenaries:

Mercenaries and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous; and if one holds his state based on these arms, he will stand neither firm nor safe; for they are disunited, ambitious, and without discipline, unfaithful, valiant before friends, cowardly before enemies; they have neither the fear of God nor fidelity to men, and destruction is deferred only so long as the attack is; for in peace one is robbed by them, and in war by the enemy. The fact is, they have no other attraction or reason for keeping the field than a trifle of stipend, which is not sufficient to make them willing to die for you…

I wish to demonstrate further the infelicity of these arms. The mercenary captains are either capable men or they are not; if they are, you cannot trust them, because they always aspire to their own greatness, either by oppressing you, who are their master, or others contrary to your intentions; but if the captain is not skilful, you are ruined in the usual way.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, The Prince (1513), Chapter XII

Them Ducks Died for Ireland – Paula Meehan

Posted in History, Poetry with tags , , on June 12, 2023 by telescoper

When I blogged last week about English Paper 2 of the 2023 Leaving Certificate, I mentioned that one of the poets that came up was Paula Meehan. I wasn’t at all familiar with her work before then I looked around for some examples, and found some lovely poems. I’m not surprised the students were glad she came up this year. She has a very distinctive and powerful sense of imagery and a wry sense of humour, as exemplified by this witty but poignant poem, which takes an unusual perspective of the Easter Rising 2016.  Inspired by the epigram which is quoted from the Irish Architectural Archive, it is a meditation on what is commemorated and what is not.

–0–

6 of our waterfowl were killed or shot, 7 of the garden seats broken and about 300 shrubs destroyed.

Park Superintendent in his report on the damage to St. Stephen’s Green, during the Easter Rising 1916

Time slides slowly down the sash window
puddling in light on oaken boards. The Green
is a great lung, exhaling like breath on the pane
the seasons’ turn, sunset and moonset, the ebb and flow
of stars. And once made mirror to smoke and fire,
a Republic’s destiny in a Countess’ stride,
the bloodprice both summons and antidote to pride.
When we’ve licked the wounds of history, wounds of war,
we’ll salute the stretcher bearer, the nurse in white,
the ones who pick up the pieces, who endure,
who live at the edge, and die there and are known
by this archival footnote read by fading light;
fragile as a breathmark on the windowpane or the gesture
of commemorating heroes in bronze and stone.