Archive for the Biographical Category

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R.I.P. George F. Smoot (1945-2025)

Posted in Biographical, R.I.P., The Universe and Stuff with tags , , , , , , on September 26, 2025 by telescoper
George F. Smoot (1945-2025)

I’m very sad to have to report the death, at the age of 80, of eminent cosmologist George Smoot, who passed away at his home in Paris on 18th September. The news has been reported in France, where George had been living in recent years, but doesn’t seem to have been covered in the international media yet. I thought I would just record some personal relfections and reminiscences here, rather than try to pre-empt the official biographies.

George Smoot was an experimental astrophysicist who is best known for his research in observational cosmology, particularly on the cosmic microwave background. In 2006, jointly with John Mather, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for measurements made by the COBE satellite that, without exaggeration, ushered in a new era of cosmology. George led the paper Structure in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer First-Year Maps that reported the first detection of variations in temperature of the cosmic microwave background across the sky predicted by theories of cosmological structure formation.

I was fortunate enough to meet George many times over the years and to get to know him quite well. The first time was at a meeting in Durham for which this was the conference photo:

George is just to the left of centre in the front row with the red-and-white sweater.

What I remember about that meeting is that I gave a contributed talk there (a short one, because I was a mere postdoc at the time). Some time after that, George Smoot gave an invited talk during the course of which he mentioned (positively) the work I had spoken about. I was gobsmacked to have my little contribution recognized by someone so eminent, and it did wonders for my scientific self-confidence. I got the chance to have a conversation with George in person some time later at that meeting and found him very good value: he was both interesting and amusing to talk to. He was someone who took mentorship seriously, and didn’t confine it to those people he was working with directly.

Over the years I met George regularly at scientific meetings, including numerous times at the (then) Daniel Chalonge schools in Sicily and in Paris where we often chatted about science and other things over coffee breaks and dinner. I always found him hugely knowledgeable about many things, but he also had an almost child-like curiosity about things he didn’t previously know. He didn’t quite jump up and down with excitement when he learnt something interesting, but almost. He could also be very direct when disagreeing, which meant that some people found him a bit abrasive. He fell out with other members of the COBE time when he threw away the agreed protocol for the announcement of results in 1992. That caused a lot of bad feeling at the time, but it seems that by the time the Nobel Prize was awarded, some degree of reconciliation had been achieved. I was lucky enough to attend the Prize Ceremonies and at the ball afterwards chatted with both George and John Mather who seemed on very amiable terms then.

Anyway, in the early noughties George invited me to spend some time at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, a visit that I enjoyed enormously. He was a very generous and thougtful host and I was looked after very well. One day at LBL he asked me if the hotel was OK. I replied that it was, but one thing I didn’t like about staying in a hotel was that I liked to cook and that was impossible in a hotel room. I thought nothing more of that conversation until the end of the day when George appeared and asked me if I wanted to “do dinner” at his house that evening. I answered in the affirmative so he drove me to his house, which was very fancy, set into the hillside overlooking Berkeley – like the sort of place I imagine a film star would live – and had a very large and well-provisioned kitchen.

It soon became clear that I’d misunderstood the invitation, in that “do dinner” didn’t mean “eat dinner” but “make dinner”. Although I was slightly taken aback I set about finding what he had in the refrigerator and on the shelves. There being a plentiful supply of spices, I decided to make a tandoori-style dish of chicken baked with yoghurt, with a couple of side dishes, none of which took long to cook. When everything was getting ready I wanted to add some lemon juice but couldn’t find any lemons in the fridge. I asked George if he had any lemons, at which point he showed me into the garden where he had several lemon trees in full fruit. I’ve never lived anywhere that this would be possible! I think he enjoyed the dinner because he paid me back a few days later with a dinner at Chez Panisse. He was quite the bon viveur.

(After that short visit, I was planning to spend a sabbatical year in Berkeley in 2005, but the United States Embassy in London put paid to that idea and I went to CITA in Toronto instead.)

The last encounters I had with George were online; he was in the audience when I gave talks in the Chalonge-de Vega series organized by Norma Sanchez in 2021 (here and here). I think he had already moved to Paris by that time. The first of these talks was about open access publishing in astrophysics; George subsequently co-authored a paper in the Open Journal of Astrophysics.

My favourite quote from George came during a discussion we had at Berkeley when I suggested that some methods used for studying the cosmic microwave background could be applied to the distribution of galaxies. His response was “Galaxies are shit”. To avoid offending my friends who work on galaxies, what he meant by that was that he thought galaxies were too messy for any statistical measurements to sufficiently reliable to compete with the CMB. I think he would have preferred a universe in which all galaxies were identical, like electrons.

I’m sure many others will have their own personal reflections on their interactions with George Smoot, but he also had a huge influence on many people who never met him personally, through his enormous contributions to astrophysics and cosmology. We will no doubt read many professionally-written official obituaries in days to come, but all I can say in a personal blog post is that he was a character, a very original thinker, a fine scientist, and a very nice man. Along with many others, I will miss him enormously.

Rest in Peace, George Fitzgerald Smoot III (1945-2025) .

Update: Here is an `In Memoriam’ piece from from the Berkeley Lab.

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That Magic Gene…

Posted in Biographical, Covid-19, History, LGBTQ+ with tags , , , , on September 25, 2025 by telescoper

While writing yesterday’s post about the evolution of languages, and the importance of genetic information in reconstructing the story thereof, I was reminded of a post I wrote a while ago about the peculiarities of my own genome, a listing of which I have on a CD-ROM at home. There’s not as much data involved as you might think: it’s effectively only about 800 MB.

Anyway, to cut a long story short, it turns out that I have the CCR5-Δ32 genetic mutation. Not only that, I have it twice over, in that I have two copies (homozygotes). I must therefore have inherited it from both parents. This mutation confers virtually complete immunity from HIV-1 infection.

The above graphic shows that more than 10% of the population in Northern Europe has this mutation in just one allele (i.e. they are heterozygotic). To get an estimate of how many have the form on two alleles (i.e. homozygotic) form you can just square that number, so around 1% or more.

It is thought that the CCR5-Δ32 mutation occurred in a single individual in Scandinavia around 1,000 years ago. When I wrote that post I tacitly assumed that it had propagated passively, i.e. without any particular selection, to the modern era. That it reached 10% of the population starting from just one individual surprised me, but I let it pass.

More recently, I came across a paper about how advances in genetics have impacted epidemiological studies. In the abstract it shows that my assumption was probably incorrect.

Algorithms of molecular evolutionary theory suggested that the CCR5-Δ32 mutation occurred but once in the last millennium and rose by strong selective pressure relatively recently to a ~10% allele frequency in Europeans. 

It goes on to say this:

Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that CCR5-Δ32 was selected due to its protective influence to resist Yersinia pestis, the agent of the Black Death/bubonic plague of the 14th century.

I didn’t mention in yesterday’s post that evidence of the plague bacillus is found in a significant number of prehistoric human remains and this almost certainly played a role in the ebb and flow of populations. In the context of CCR5-∆32, however it seems that it may have been advantageous to carry it long before the arrival of HIV/AIDS. That might account for it reaching the relatively high level that it did.

Among the downsides, however, as the article explains, are an increased risk for encephalomyelitis and death when infected with the West Nile virus. Hopefully further cohort studies of people with this mutation will help elucidate its effect on other diseases.

By the way, in contrast to most people I know, I have still never had Covid-19…

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Autumnal Equinox 2025

Posted in Biographical, Education, Maynooth, The Universe and Stuff with tags , on September 22, 2025 by telescoper

Just a note to say that the Autumnal Equinox (in the Northern hemisphere) takes place this evening (Monday 22nd September 2025)  at 19.20 Irish Summer Time (18.20 UTC).

Although  the term `equinox’  refers to a situation in which day and night are of equal length, which implies that it’s a day rather than a specific time, the astronomical equinox is more accurately defined by a specific event, i.e. when the plane defined by Earth’s equator passes through the centre of the Sun’s disk (or, if you prefer, when the centre of the Sun passes through the plane defined by Earth’s equator). Day and night are not necessarily exactly equal on the equinox, but they’re the closest they get. From now on days in the Northern hemisphere will be shorter than nights and they’ll get shorter still until the Winter Solstice on Sunday 21st December 2024 at 3.03 pm Irish Time.

Many people take the autumnal equinox to be the end of summer. There is a saying around these parts, however, that `Summer is Summer to Michaelmas Day’ (September 29th), which is not until next week. I must say, though, though it doesn’t feel particularly summery this morning as there is a chilly wind blowing from the North.

Anyway, make the most of the Equinox because there is a rumour circulating that The Rapture will occur tomorrow (Tuesday 23rd September).

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On Cosm(et)ology

Posted in Biographical, The Universe and Stuff with tags , , , , , on September 16, 2025 by telescoper

Every now and then I clean out my spam folder, usually finding a number of junk conference invitations. Most of them are tedious but sometimes I get a funny one that I post on here. The latest batch included this one.

I suppose the confusion between cosmology and cosmetology was to be expected at some point. I am of course something of an expert on ageing (sic), having managed to age quite considerably over the last 60-odd years. I also have a strong interest in the make-up of the Universe, especially through the foundations of physics. I’d even be tempted to attend the meeting were I not teaching on the dates concerned. I might reply suggesting they invite a colleague of mine here in Ireland, Dermot O’Logical.

Anyway, this gives me an excuse to post the following rehash of one of my old posts, this I one that dates from 2008..

–o–

When asked what I do for a living, I’ve always avoided describing myself as an astronomer, because most people seem to think that involves star signs and horoscopes. Anyone can tell I’m not an astrologer anyway, because I’m not rich. Astrophysicist sounds more impressive, but perhaps a little scary. That’s why I usually settle on “Cosmologist”. Grandiose, but at the same time somehow cuddly.

I had an inkling that this choice was going to be a mistake at the start of my first ever visit to the United States, which was to attend a conference in memory of the great physicist Yacov Borisovich Zel’dovich, who died in 1989. The meeting was held in Lawrence, Kansas, home of the University of Kansas, in May 1990. This event was notable for many reasons, including the fact that the effective ban on Russian physicists visiting the USA had been lifted after the arrival of glasnost to the Soviet Union. Many prominent scientists from there were going to be attending. I had also been invited to give a talk, the only connection with Zel’dovich that I could figure out was that the very first paper I wrote was cited in the very last paper to be written by the great man.

I think I flew in to Detroit from London and had to clear customs there in order to transfer to an internal flight to Kansas. On arriving at the customs area in the airport, the guy at the desk peered at my passport and asked me what was the purpose of my visit. I said “I’m attending a Conference”. He eyed me suspiciously and asked me my line of work. “Cosmologist,” I proudly announced. He frowned and asked me to open my bags. He looked in my suitcase, and his frown deepened. He looked at me accusingly and said “Where are your samples?”

I thought about pointing out that there was indeed a sample of the Universe in my bag but that it was way too small to be regarded as representative. Fortunately, I thought better of it. Eventually I realised he thought cosmologist was something to do with cosmetics, and was expecting me to be carrying little bottles of shampoo or make-up to a sales conference or something like that. I explained that I was a scientist, and showed him the poster for the conference I was going to attend. He seemed satisfied. As I gathered up my possessions thinking the formalities were over, he carried on looking through my passport. As I moved off he suddenly spoke again. “Is this your first visit to the States, son?”. My passport had no other entry stamps to the USA in it. “Yes,” I said. He was incredulous. “And you’re going to Kansas?”

This little confrontation turned out to be a forerunner of a more dramatic incident involving the same lexicographical confusion. One evening during the Zel’dovich meeting there was a reception held by the University of Kansas, to which the conference participants, local celebrities (including the famous writer William Burroughs, who lived nearby) and various (small) TV companies were invited. Clearly this meeting was big news for Lawrence. It was all organized by the University of Kansas and there was a charming lady called Eunice who was largely running the show. I got talking to her near the end of the party. As we chatted, the proceedings were clearly winding down and she suggested we go into Kansas City to go dancing. I’ve always been up for a boogie, Lawrence didn’t seem to be offering much in the way of nightlife, and my attempts to talk to William Burroughs were repelled by the bevy of handsome young men who formed his entourage, so off we went in her car.

Before I go on I’ll just point out that Eunice – full name Eunice H. Stallworth – passed away suddenly in 2009. I spent quite a lot of time with her during this and other trips to Lawrence, including a memorable day out at a pow wow at Haskell Indian Nations University where there was some amazing dancing.

Anyway, back to the story. It takes over an hour to drive into Kansas City from Lawrence but we got there safely enough. We went to several fun places and had a good time until well after midnight. We were about to drive back when Eunice suddenly remembered there was another nightclub she had heard of that had just opened. However, she didn’t really know where it was and we spent quite a while looking for it. We ended up on the State Line, a freeway that separates Kansas City Kansas from Kansas City Missouri, the main downtown area of Kansas City actually being for some reason in the state of Missouri. After only a few moments on the freeway a police car appeared behind us with its lights blazing and siren screeching, and ushered us off the road into a kind of parking lot.

Eunice stopped the car and we waited while a young cop got out of his car and approached us. I was surprised to see he was on his own. I always thought the police always went around in pairs, like low comedians. He asked for Eunice’s driver’s license, which she gave him. He then asked for mine. I don’t drive and don’t have a driver’s license, and explained this to the policeman. He found it difficult to comprehend. I then realised I hadn’t brought my passport along, so I had no ID at all.

I forgot to mention that Eunice was black and that her car had Alabama license plates.

I don’t know what particular thing caused this young cop to panic, but he dashed back to his car and got onto his radio to call for backup. Soon, another squad car arrived, drove part way into the entrance of the parking lot and stopped there, presumably so as to block any attempted escape. The doors of the second car opened and two policemen got out, kneeled down and and aimed pump-action shotguns at us as they hid behind the car doors which partly shielded them from view and presumably from gunfire. The rookie who had stopped us did the same thing from his car, but he only had a handgun.

“Put your hands on your heads. Get out of the car. Slowly. No sudden movements.” This was just like the movies.

We did as we were told. Eventually we both ended up with our hands on the roof of Eunice’s car being frisked by a large cop sporting an impressive walrus moustache. He reminded me of one of the Village People, although his uniform was not made of leather. I thought it unwise to point out the resemblance to him. Declaring us “clean”, he signalled to the other policemen to put their guns away. They had been covering him as he searched us.

I suddenly realised how terrified I was. It’s not nice having guns pointed at you.

Mr Walrus had found a packet of French cigarettes (Gauloises) in my coat pocket. I clearly looked scared so he handed them to me and suggested I have a smoke. I lit up, and offered him one (which he declined). Meanwhile the first cop was running the details of Eunice’s car through the vehicle check system, clearly thinking it must have been stolen. As he did this, the moustachioed policeman, who was by now very relaxed about the situation, started a conversation which I’ll never forget.

Policeman: “You’re not from around these parts, are you?” (Honestly, that’s exactly what he said.)

Me: “No, I’m from England.”

Policeman: “I see. What are you doing in Kansas?”

Me: “I’m attending a conference, in Lawrence..”

Policeman: “Oh yes? What kind of Conference?”

Me: “It’s about cosmology”

At this point, Mr Walrus nodded and walked slowly to the first car where the much younger cop was still fiddling with the computer.

“Son,” he said, “there’s no need to call for backup when all you got to deal with is a Limey hairdresser…”.

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17 Years In The Dark

Posted in Biographical, The Universe and Stuff with tags , , , on September 15, 2025 by telescoper

I just received the following message from WordPress.com reminding me that today is the 17th anniversary of my registration with them, which is when I took my first step into the blogosphere. That was way back on 15th September 2008…

I actually wrote my first post on the day I registered but, unfortunately, I didn’t really know what I was doing on my first day at blogging – no change there, then – and I didn’t actually manage to figure out how to publish this earth-shattering piece. It was only after I’d written my second post that I realized that the first one wasn’t actually visible to the general public because I hadn’t pressed the right buttons, so the two appear in the wrong order in my archive. Such was the inauspicious beginning of this “shitty WordPress blog”!

Since then I have published 7,418 blog posts posts (including this one), which have altogether received over 5.8M page views from 2.4M unique visitors. That doesn’t include the 2000+ subscribers who receive posts by email nor those who view the federated version via the fediverse. The largest number of hits I have received in a single day is still 8,864 (in 2014, at the peak of the BICEP2 controversy).

This time next year this blog will be an adult! Having gone this far with it, I might as well continue until I retire…

P.S. I noticed recently that this blog is getting some traffic from China, where it was previously banned. along with all other WordPress.com sites. It’s interesting that this ban appears to have been lifted.

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A Decade of Gravitational Waves

Posted in Biographical, The Universe and Stuff with tags , , , , , , on September 14, 2025 by telescoper

This is just a quick post to mark the fact that it is now ten years to the day since the first detection of gravitational waves by Advanced LIGO. The acronym LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, by the way. It wasn’t until February 11th 2016 that the result was announced at a press conference (which I blogged about here), but the signal itself arrived on 14th September 2015, exactly a decade ago; the name given to the event was GW150914.

Here are the plots for that first one:

LIGO

That first signal corresponded to the coalescence of two black holes, of masses 29 and 36 times the mass of the Sun and produced a large response in the detectors very soon after Advanced LIGO was switched on. There’s synchronicity for you! The LIGO collaboration have done wondrous things getting their sensitivity down to such a level that they can measure such a tiny effect, but there still has to be an event producing a signal to measure. Collisions of two such massive black holes are probably extremely rare so it’s a bit of good fortune that one happened just at the right time. Actually it was during an engineering test.

There have been many subsequent detections and even more candidates waiting to be confirmed- here’s a full list. The official LIGO site states there are 90 confirmed detections, the 4th observational run (O4) (which is due to end in November 2025) has already found 200 candidates. The latest compilation of gravitational-wave transient sources can be found here.

Most of the detections have been binary black hole mergers, but I particularly remember the excitement in 2017 surrounding the first merger of a neutron star with a black hole. It was fun that rumours started to spread via this blog as people outside the LIGO/transient source community used a comments thread here to share information of what various telescopes were looking at. That was in August 2017, just over 8 years ago.

Anyway, here’s to the next decade. Assuming NSF does not follow Trump’s plan to slash the LIGO budget.

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Einstein’s First Lecture in Britain

Posted in Biographical, History, The Universe and Stuff with tags , on September 12, 2025 by telescoper

Tidying a few things up ahead of the start of term I discovered this old clipping, yellowed with age, and decided to scan it before it disintegrates entirely:

It is from the (then) Manchester Guardian which is now known as the Grauniad. The article is dated 1st October 1921, which implies that the talk must have been on the afternoon of Friday 30th September 1921. However, the University of Manchester website states that the talk was on June 9th 1921. During his visit, Einstein was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Manchester, which is recorded here as having been presented on June 8th, so it appears the Guardian piece was published some time after the event. As usual, Einstein gave his lecture – to a packed house – entirely in German, as he did when he lectured in Nottingham almost a decade later.

Einstein was already famous by 1921 – largely thanks to the 1919 Eclipse results (see, e.g., here) – but it was still before he won his Nobel Prize (in 1922).

Anyway, the text down the right-hand side of the Guardian piece can be found here; it’s well worth reading!

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The Bronze Shoes

Posted in Biographical, History, Maynooth with tags , , , , , , on September 8, 2025 by telescoper

About a month ago I posted an item about the National Famine Way, at the end of which I signalled my future intention to walk the 165 km 6-day route from Strokestown to Dublin. I was subsequently contacted by a number of people warning me that I might not be up to it. They didn’t put me off, but I have come up with a plan. This week – on Wednesday in fact – I will have the injections I get every six months or so to control the arthritis in my knees. Thus fortified, I intend next week to do a trial run walk consisting of the last stage of the Famine Way, from Maynooth to Dublin, along the Royal Canal. That’s about 27km and will take most of a day. I’ll stop on the way for lunch and when I get to the end I can get the train back to Maynooth. And if I run walk into difficulties I can stop at one of the intermediate stations and return from there; the canal runs right alongside the railway line for most of the way. If all goes to plan I’ll take time off next year to do the whole trip from Strokestown.

Meanwhile here’s a picture of one the poignant bronze sculptures of children’s shoes placed along the way. This one is at Maynooth harbour; there are 8 others on the way to Dublin.

To learn more about these shoes, see here, and here’s a video telling the story

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With Term Approaching…

Posted in Biographical, Maynooth with tags , , on September 7, 2025 by telescoper

With just two weeks to go before we resume teaching at Maynooth University, I find that next week I have no fewer than three medical appointments next week, on different days and in different locations. All of them are (or should be) routine, and none are particularly serious. Much as I dislike hospitals, etc, it will be good to get these bits of scheduled maintenance out of the way before the start of term.

On the other hand, they mean that I have to miss what looks like a very nice meeting in Italy in honour of Sabino Matarrese. I was invited, and initially accepted, but had to cancel. I hope that it goes well!

For old time’s sake I thought I’d post this picture of a youthful Sabino from years ago; he’s in the middle of the row nearest the camera; I’m at the end in the yellow shirt.

Anyway, last Friday our first cohort of MSc students in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics received their final results. This course lasts a calendar year so the results come out later than for the undergraduate courses. Congratulations to them all, but especially to Enda who completed a project under my supervision that we hope to turn into a paper before long.

Some familiar faces will no longer be around, but soon we will be joined by some new ones. Tomorrow, registration opens up for incoming first-year students at Maynooth and later in the week for returning second-, third-, and fourth-year students. By this time next week we’ll have a much better idea how many students there will be in our classes for the new academic year.

On Friday (12th September) I’ll be off to the National Concert Hall for the 2025/6 Season Opener with the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leonard Slatkin, another indication that Autumn Semester is nigh.

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A New President (of Ireland)

Posted in Biographical, Politics with tags , , , , on September 4, 2025 by telescoper

Yesterday the official Presidential Election Order was tabled which means that an election for the office of President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann) will be held in the Republic on Friday 24th October 2025. The incumbent Michael D. Higgins will have served his second 7-year term by November and since by the Constitution nobody can hold the office more than twice, we will have a new President of the Republic.

The Irish media have been trying to make news about the presidential election all summer, which has been pointless and tedious to put up as no candidates had even been nominated then. Actually nobody has yet either, as nominations don’t officially open until tomorrow; they close on September 25th. Still, at least the process has started.

In order to progress to the election, a candidate has to receive the support of at least 20 members of the Oireachtas or at least 4 local authorities (i.e. councils). Former or retiring Presidents can nominate themselves but this is not relevant here.

The way the election works is that voters rank all candidates. In the first round of counting, first preference votes are totted up and if one candidate has more than 50% he/she is elected. If not an Instant Runoff method is used, with votes of lower-ranked being reallocated until there’s a winner (ie until one candidate gains a majority).

I just checked the online electoral register to confirm my status:

I will wait to see who has acually been nominated before deciding who to vote for. In the last Presidential Election (2018), five candidates opposed the re-election of Michael D. Higgins, three of them businessmen best known for having appeared on the Irish version of the TV show Dragon’s Den. There’s ample evidence from elsewhere that the products of reality TV shows do not make good presidents. Neither do rapists, so let’s hope Conor McGregor does not get nominated. It is likely that there will be more than six candidates this time and the election will be more closely contested that last time. In 2018 the turnout was very low, no noubt because many people assumed – correctly – that Higgins would win. In the event he got over 56% of the first-preference vote so the transfers were irrelevant. That might not be the case this time.

The Presidency of Ireland is a ceremonial rather than an executive office, and it has little actual power associated with it. It is nevertheless important in that the President is the guardian of the Constitution as well as representing the Irish Nation as a kind of ambassador and as patron of many good causes. Surprisingly, some of the people who want to put themselves forward don’t seem to know anything about what the job entails. Hopefully, the more obvious fruitcakes who put themselves forward will fail to get nominated. I think Michael D. Higgns has carried out his duties in a very dignified and diligent way over the years, and will be a very hard act to follow. I’ve been proud to have him as my President.

It’s hard to believe that seven whole years have passed since the last election. There’s another reminder of that coming up on Friday September 12th when I will be going to the National Concert Hall for a performance by the National Symphony Orchestra that marks the opening of the 2025/6 season. On September 15th 2018 I went to the season opener for that year. That was also my first ever visit to the National Concert Hall. To mark the occasion we were in the presence of the man himself , Michael D Higgins, and his wife Sabena. The President attended as Patron of the National Symphony Orchestra. I don’t know whether he will attend on Friday 12th September, but if he does I’m sure he will get a good ovation. As well as many other things Michael D. Higgins has been a very strong advocate for the Arts in Ireland. I’m not sure his successor will live up to the standard he set.

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