What is the late November doing
With the disturbance of the spring
And creatures of the summer heat,
And snowdrops writhing under feet
And hollyhocks that aim too high
Red into grey and tumble down
Late roses filled with early snow?
Thunder rolled by the rolling stars
Simulates triumphal cars
Deployed in constellated wars
Scorpion fights against the Sun
Until the Sun and Moon go down
Comets weep and Leonids fly
Hunt the heavens and the plains
Whirled in a vortex that shall bring
The world to that destructive fire
Which burns before the ice-cap reigns.
That was a way of putting it—not very satisfactory: A periphrastic study in a worn-out poetical fashion, Leaving one still with the intolerable wrestle With words and meanings. The poetry does not matter.
It was not (to start again) what one had expected.
What was to be the value of the long looked forward to, Long hoped for calm, the autumnal serenity And the wisdom of age? Had they deceived us Or deceived themselves, the quiet-voiced elders, Bequeathing us merely a receipt for deceit? The serenity only a deliberate hebetude, The wisdom only the knowledge of dead secrets Useless in the darkness into which they peered Or from which they turned their eyes. There is, it seems to us, At best, only a limited value In the knowledge derived from experience.
The knowledge imposes a pattern, and falsifies, For the pattern is new in every moment And every moment is a new and shocking Valuation of all we have been. We are only undeceived Of that which, deceiving, could no longer harm.
In the middle, not only in the middle of the way But all the way, in a dark wood, in a bramble, On the edge of a grimpen, where is no secure foothold, And menaced by monsters, fancy lights, Risking enchantment. Do not let me hear Of the wisdom of old men, but rather of their folly, Their fear of fear and frenzy, their fear of possession, Of belonging to another, or to others, or to God.
The only wisdom we can hope to acquire Is the wisdom of humility: humility is endless.
The topic came up in a recent conversation of the ethical issues surrounding what is sometimes erroneously called self-plagiarism, but is more accurately called duplicate publication (or multiple publication or even redundant publication). This refers to the situation in which an author publishing their own intellectual material (specifically research results) more than once in different journals or other media. This is distinct from plagiarism, which involves an author publishing someone else’s intellectual material without attribution. It is also distinct from copyright violation, which can occur if the author tries to re-use material already published in a journal that has retained the copyright; the solution in that case is simply not to publish in a journal that does that.
Publication practice differs widely in different academic fields so in what follows I’ll concentrate on what applies in Physics & Astronomy. Here there is one type of publication, the Conference Proceedings, in which papers are often near-duplicates of others. That is because speakers tend to give the same or very similar talks at different conferences, and also tend to recycle material when writing up their contributions. I see nothing particularly wrong in that, although one wonders whether a plethora of versions of the same talk is needed. I stopped writing conference papers over a decade ago as they take a lot of time to do and I don’t think they fulfil any useful purpose. In any case such articles should not count as research publications, especially if they are not peer-reviewed (which is generally the case in Astronomy). I know this is different in other fields. In Computer Science, for example, the conference article is one of the main modes of research publication.
The more serious issue is when a researcher publishes (or tries to publish) multiple versions of the same research in different journals in an attempt to pad out their publication list by passing off old material as original research. This is difficult to do nowadays because of plagiarism detection software, but not all journals deploy such tools and some cases do get through the editorial process and make it into the journal as a publication. Sometimes this even happens with high-profile journals.
The question is how one reacts to this kind of multiple publication. I did a totally unscientific social media poll recently and the results were quite interesting. Of my respondents, about 20% said that they thought multiple publication was fine. About 30% thought that multiple publication constituted academic misconduct, and about 50% thought that it wasn’t fine but fell short of academic misconduct.
I suppose the definition of research misconduct varies from one institution to another. For reference here is what it says in Maynooth University’s Research Integrity Policy statement:
Publication of multiplier papers based on the same set(s) or sub-set(s) of data is not acceptable, except where there is full cross-referencing within the papers. An author who submits substantially similar work to more than one publisher must disclose this to the publishers at the time of submission.
The document also specifically refers to “Artificially proliferating publications” as an example of research misconduct.
In the past I would have posted a poll on here but I now have to pay $15 per month for the privilege of hosting a poll so with regret I’ve unblocked my Twitter account to let you vote there:
One reason people might be tempted to indulge in multiple publication stems from the fact that the current system of research assessment depends so much on bibliometric indicators relating to refereed publications. While I regret the emphasis on bibliometrics, I do think that multiple publication of research papers is indeed academic misconduct because artificially boosting the number of such items on one’s CV might be a way of gaming the system. It seems to me that such a strategy is unlikely to work, but I have seen people try it.
We have reached the end of Week 9 at Maynooth University, so there are now just three weeks to go until end of term. All of sudden the shops are filled with Christmas whatnots and thingies, and I’ve finally bowed to pressure and bought a ticket for this year’s Messiah.
As usual for this time of the year we have a pair of Open Days for undergraduate admissions. The first was today, Friday, and catered mainly for school trips whereas tomorrow’s (i.e. Saturday’s) is usually more parents with their offspring. During the pandemic these events have been online but we’re now having them on campus so that prospective students see the important features on campus in the flesh:
For the last few years, I’ve been the main person responsible for running the Theoretical Physics part of these Open Days but now that duty has passed on to the new Head of Department. It’s not that I disliked doing these events, it’s just that I think it’s better from now on to have a fresher face doing them. Today for me has therefore largely been a normal teaching day and I’m also able to have a lie-in tomorrow morning.
In past years, before the pandemic, some lectures have been cancelled to make way for Friday Open Day talks. That has included the Friday lecture of my 2nd year module on Vector Calculus which takes place in a room previously needed for admissions business on Open Days. Now, however, a new teaching building is available and many of the Open Day talks are in there so my lecture went ahead as planned. The room next door to mine was however used for the Open Day and a group of about ten schoolgirls, dressed in green blazers and plaid skirts in a manner highly reminiscent of the Derry Girls, almost came into my lecture by mistake.
I saw quite a few visitors around the campus this morning, and some came into the Science Building for a look around, but I don’t know how busy the day was in comparison to previous November events on campus. I don’t know how busy it will be tomorrow either, as I shall be putting my feet up at home.
Today wasn’t quite a normal day, however. I had lunch in Pugin Hall. I used to do that regularly before the pandemic but today was the first time I’ve been there since March 2020. Either Pugin Hall has been closed or I’ve been too busy to have anything other than a sandwich in my office.
Following last week’s Maynooth Astrophysics and Cosmology Masterclass, a student asked (in the context of the Big Bang or a black hole) what a singularity is. I thought I’d share my response here in case anyone else was wondering. The following is what I wrote back to my correspondent:
–oo–
In general, a singularity is pathological mathematical situation wherein the value of a particular variable becomes infinite. To give a very simple example, consider the calculation of the Newtonian force due to gravity exerted by a massive body on a test particle at a distance r. This force is proportional to 1/r2,, so that if one tried to calculate the force for objects at zero separation (r=0), the result would be infinite.
Singularities are not always signs of serious mathematical problems. Sometimes they are simply caused by an inappropriate choice of coordinates. For example, something strange and akin to a singularity happens in the standard maps one finds in an atlas. These maps look quite sensible until one looks very near the poles. In a standard equatorial projection, the North Pole does not appear as a point, as it should, but is spread along straight line along the top of the map. But if you were to travel to the North Pole you would not see anything strange or catastrophic there. The singularity that causes this point to appear is an example of a coordinate singularity, and it can be transformed away by using a different projection.
More serious singularities occur with depressing regularity in solutions of the equations of general relativity. Some of these are coordinate singularities like the one discussed above and are not particularly serious. However, Einstein’s theory is special in that it predicts the existence of real singularities where real physical quantities (such as the matter density) become infinite. The curvature of space-time can also become infinite in certain situations.
Probably the most famous example of a singularity lies at the core of a black hole. This appears in the original Schwarzschild interior solution corresponding to an object with perfect spherical symmetry. For many years, physicists thought that the existence of a singularity of this kind was merely due to the special and rather artificial nature of the exactly spherical solution. However, a series of mathematical investigations, culminating in the singularity theorems of Penrose, showed no special symmetry is required and that singularities arise in the generic gravitational collapse problem.
As if to apologize for predicting these singularities in the first place, general relativity does its best to hide them from us. A Schwarzschild black hole is surrounded by an event horizon that effectively protects outside observers from the singularity itself. It seems likely that all singularities in general relativity are protected in this way, and so-called naked singularities are not thought to be physically realistic.
There is also a singularity at the very beginning in the standard Big Bang theory. This again is expected to be a real singularity where the temperature and density become infinite. In this respect the Big Bang can be thought of as a kind of time-reverse of the gravitational collapse that forms a black hole. As was the case with the Schwarzschild solution, many physicists thought that the initial cosmologcal singularity could be a consequence of the special symmetry required by the Cosmological Principle. But this is now known not to be the case. Hawking and Penrose generalized Penrose’s original black hole theorems to show that a singularity invariably exists in the past of an expanding Universe in which certain very general conditions apply.
So is it possible to avoid this singularity? And if so, how?
It is clear that the initial cosmological singularity might well just be a consequence of extrapolating deductions based on the classical ttheory of general relativity into a situation where this theory is no longer valid. Indeed, Einstein himself wrote:
The theory is based on a separation of the concepts of the gravitational field and matter. While this may be a valid approximation for weak fields, it may presumably be quite inadequate for very high densities of matter. One may not therefore assume the validity of the equations for very high densities and it is just possible that in a unified theory there would be no such singularity.
Einstein, A., 1950. The Meaning of Relativity, 3rd Edition, Princeton University Press.
We need new laws of physics to describe the behaviour of matter in the vicinity of the Big Bang, when the density and temperature are much higher than can be achieved in laboratory experiments. In particular, any theory of matter under such extreme conditions must take account of quantum effects on a cosmological scale. The name given to the theory of gravity that replaces general relativity at ultra-high energies by taking these effects into account is quantum gravity, but no such theory has yet been constructed.
There are, however, ways of avoiding the initial singularity in classical general relativity without appealing to quantum effects. First, one can propose an equation of state for matter in the very early Universe that does not obey the conditions laid down by Hawking and Penrose. The most important of these conditions is called the strong energy condition: that r+3p/c2>0 where r is the matter density and p is the pressure. There are various ways in which this condition might indeed be violated. In particular, it is violated by a scalar field when its evolution is dominated by its vacuum energy, which is the condition necessary for driving inflationary Universe models into an accelerated expansion. The vacuum energy of the scalar field may be regarded as an effective cosmological constant; models in which the cosmological constant is included generally have a bounce rather than a singularity: running the clock back, the Universe reaches a minimum size and then expands again.
Whether the singularity is avoidable or not remains an open question, and the issue of whether we can describe the very earliest phases of the Big Bang, before the Planck time, will remain open at least until a complete theory of quantum gravity is constructed.
Today (and tomorrow) 70,000 members of the University and College Union at all 150 UK universities are on strike over over pay, working conditions and pensions.
Had I still been employed in the UK Higher Education system I would probably be standing on a picket line but I’m not, but at least I can send this message of solidarity to everyone who is!
I thought quite a few readers of In the Dark might be interested that there’s a new open-access journal starting up called Philosophy of Physics. It’s published by LSE Press. See this post for more details.
Thank you very much to everyone in the Governing Board and the Society who contributed to realizing our key initiative!
Special thanks go to David Wallace for having accepted to act as the journal’s founding Editor-in-Chief. Read his announcement on the LSE Press’s blog here.
Please consider submitting your best work to Philosophy of Physics. In order to do so, you should become a member of the Society. It’s free for students and unwaged people, £10 for postdocs, and £20 for others. Once you are a member, you will find instructions on how to submit a paper inside the members’ area, as explained here.
Posted in Uncategorized on November 22, 2022 by telescoper
Once upon a time, there was a public house called The Bird Cage.
As pubs go, it was very big and very popular. At times it was quite rowdy, and sometimes nasty people came in just to annoy the customers. The landlord, however, appreciated the regular customers and, from time to time, threw out the worst troublemakers and banned them. He also put bouncers on the door to stop them coming back. Some annoying people remained but the pub was big enough that nice people could ignore them.
Then it came to pass that a rich man, Mr Musk, having grown tired of trying to persuade his camels to go through the eye of a needle, decided to buy The Bird Cage. Why he decided to do this is not clear, as he had made all his money from selling exploding cars and kneweth not of the business of public houses, but many said he was lonely after splitting up with his young partner, Darren Grimes, and thought being a landlord would make him popular. Perhaps he even thought the customers might laugh at his jokes.
After buying the pub for a price that even he couldn’t really afford, Mr Musk the new Landlord put all the prices up and sacked all the bar staff to save money. He kept the bouncers but instructed them that from now on they should throw customers in rather than out. And all the people who had been banned by the previous Management were allowed back in to annoy the nice people.
There was much wailing and gnashing of tweets teeth.
One by one the nice people all left to go to smaller but nicer pubs such as The Beehive or The Elephant. Moreover the nasty people discovered they didn’t like annoying each other as much as annoying nice people so they left too. Soon there was nobody left in the pub except Mr Musk and his bots friends.
Eventually the The Bird Cage lost so much money that Mr Musk was forced to close it down. The nasty people were sore vexed but the nice people couldn’t give a toss.
There’s a new interactive map of the Universe created by astronomers at Johns Hopkins University using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. You can read all about it here There’s also a nice video to watch:
The picture at the top of this post is not the actual map, it’s just a publicity poster. You can play with the fully interactive version here.
This reminds me that when I started as a researcher in cosmology, back in 1985, the biggest galaxy redshift survey available had only just over a thousand galaxies in it and probed only a tiny fraction of the volume of the Universe that has now been mapped, i.e. only out to a redshift of about 0.05.
Posted in LGBTQ+ on November 20, 2022 by telescoper
Today is Transgender Day of Remembrance. The day honours the memory of those who have lost their lives as a result of transphobia and anti-transgender violence.
In 2021, the deadliest year on record, around the world at least 375 gender non-conforming people lost their lives to violence, almost a quarter of them attacked in their own homes.
Just last night a gunman attacked an LGBTQ bar in Colorado at an event run by a drag artist, killing at least five people. Violent events like this are a direct consequence of the words of those who use their media platforms to broadcast transphobic rhetoric and create an atmosphere of intolerance and hostility. That goes not only for bigoted politicians but also those squalid twitter trolls with nothing better to do than to abuse and harass.
There are now precisely four weeks to go until the end of teaching term at Maynooth University. Since the FIFA World Cup starts today it seems apt to borrow a sporting cliché and describe this as the final third. Miraculously, given that I’m having to fit 12 weeks of teaching into 11 week term for the first years, I’m almost on schedule with both my modules but I have this weekend come down with something which may affect the rest of term. I don’t think it’s Covid-19 – at least the antigen test I did yesterday was negative – but whatever it is I hope it doesn’t get worse. All the teaching staff in the Department of Theoretical Physics already have very heavy teaching loads already so we simply don’t have any spare staff to cover my lectures if I can’t deliver them. I don’t know what I’ll do in that case. I suppose I could recycle some of last year’s videos, or record some new ones from my sick bed. Let’s hope it doesn’t come to that. It may be just a cold.
Anyway, what was until last week an unusually mild autumn has turned into something much more wintry. The sudden cold snap has set off my arthritis, which is an additional complication on top of whatever bug I’ve got.
Evidence of the Berry Phase
Outside temperatures have plummeted so I have mobilized my bird feeders to take care of the feathered friends in the garden. Fortunately there is ready-made food at this time of the year in the form of berries on the Cotoneaster bushes. I watched a song thrush for about ten minutes tucking in yesterday. Pigeons like them too. The birds usually don’t strip all the berries so there’ll be food of that form for a while but some of the smaller birds can’t eat them so I’ve put out seed and peanuts too.
UPDATE: Monday 21st November. It appears it was just a cold, or something else very mild, as I felt much better this morning and went to work as normal.
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In the Dark 