The Summer Solstice in the Northern hemisphere takes took place this morning, Sunday 21st June 2026, at 9.24am local Irish Time (08.24 UTC). Among other things, this means that tomorrow is the longest day of the year around these parts. According to this website, the interval between sunrise and sunset in Dublin today will be 17 hours 4 minutes and 52 seconds. which is 2 seconds longer than yesterday, while tomorrow will be two whole seconds shorter.
The Earth orbits the Sun once a year in a nearly circular orbit. The Earth’s axis of rotation (the straight line through the center of the Earth between the north and south poles) is not perpendicular to the plane of the Earth’s orbit. The Earth’s axis is tilted by about 23.4° from the the direction perpendiular to the orbital plane:
The orientation of the Earth’s axis in space remains nearly constant even as the Earth revolves around the Sun. It always points in the general direction of the star Polaris. The result is that when the Earth is on one side of its orbit, the South Pole is tilted toward the Sun (by as much as 23.4°) and the Southern Hemisphere experiences summer. Six months later, when the Earth is on the opposite side of its orbit, the North pole is tilted toward the Sun (by as much as 23.4°) and the Northern Hemisphere experiences summer.
On the Summer Solstice, Earth’s maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.4°. Likewise, the Sun’s declination from the celestial equator is 23.4°. In areas outside the tropics, the Sun reaches its highest elevation angle at solar noon on the summer solstice. At the North Pole the Sun doesn’t set at all on the Summer Solstice.
So in a sense it’s all downhill from today until the Winter Solstice in December, but the nights won’t start drawing in just yet. Days will indeed get shorter from tomorrow, although this does not mean that sunset will happen earlier tomorrow than it does today. In fact it is a little later; the latest sunset will be on 25th June. Nor does it mean that today sees the earliest sunrise. Sunrise this morning was a little later than yesterday; the earliest sunrise was actually on 17th June.
This arises because there is a difference between mean solar time (measured by clocks) and apparent solar time (defined by the position of the Sun in the sky), so that a solar day does not always last exactly 24 hours. A description of apparent and mean time was given by Nevil Maskelyne in the Nautical Almanac for 1767:
Apparent Time is that deduced immediately from the Sun, whether from the Observation of his passing the Meridian, or from his observed Rising or Setting. This Time is different from that shewn by Clocks and Watches well regulated at Land, which is called equated or mean Time.
The discrepancy between mean time and apparent time arises because of the Earth’s axial tilt and the fact that it travels around the Sun in an elliptical orbit in which its orbital speed varies with time of year (being faster at perihelion than at aphelion).
You can read a piece about the cultural importance of the solstice over the years here.
Bayesian Inductive Inference and the Anthropic Cosmological Principle
Posted in The Universe and Stuff with tags Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Antony J.M. Garrett, Bayesian Inductive Inference, Comments on Astrophysics 17(1) 23-47, Gordon and Breach, NASA/ADS, Taylor and Francis on June 17, 2026 by telescoperMany moons ago I wrote a paper with a person called Anthony J.M. Garrett with the title Bayesian Inductive Inference and the Anthropic Cosmological Principle; the full reference is A.J.M. Garrett and P. Coles, Comments on Astrophysics 17(1) 23-47 (1993). It got a few citations here and there, and has been discussed in a few books and other texts. In 1999, the journal Comments on Astrophysics was merged with some other journals to form Comments on Modern Physics which was then acquired by publishers Taylor and Francis in 2001, when it took over Gordon and Breach. The new publisher never put the old papers online in digital format. Most of the back catalogue of Comments on Astrophysics is indexed in NASA/ADS (bibstem: ComAp), but No. 1 of Volume 17 is not there. That classic paper is not, as far as I know, available anywhere on the internet. Or at least it wasn’t until now.
I was recently asked for a PDF of the paper so I made a scan and sent it. Now that I have a scan, however, and WordPress now has a PDF upload gadget, I thought I’d put it up here. I did a Google search for it earlier this evening and the AI Summary described the paper as “seminal”, which just goes to show that AI isn’t always wrong!
Anyway, here is a scanned PDF of the paper:
Apologies that it’s a bit grubby and wonky, but the scan is made from an old photocopy. I did have a proper offprint somewhere, but I can’t find it.
The real reason for doing this post, however, is to use it as a counter-example to something people often bring up when I criticize academic publishers: “..but they curate the literature!”. They don’t, actually. Libraries do that. The Garrett-Coles paper is available as a hard copy in libraries, but the publisher has nothing to do with that!
P.S. I did a blog post a while ago based on part of the paper.
P.P.S. If I get time I’ll contact ADS to see if they want to put this up in the official biblipgraphic collection…
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